How Does Embedding Angle Affect Root–Soil Mechanical Interactions?

Root–soil mechanical interactions are of vital importance in soil reinforcement by plant roots. However, it is unclear how the angles roots affect root–soil interactions. To better understand effect this factor on interactions, pullout tests were conducted alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with five root diameter groups (0.10–0.30 mm, 0.31–0.50 0.51–0.70 0.71–0.90 mm and 0.91–1.10 mm) four embedding (30°, 45°, 60° 90°) sandy loam soil. Root tensile also carried out to process failure tests. The results showed that had two modes, slippage breakage failure. critical modes was 0.35 mm. Peak force energy positively related power functions. Displacement negatively angle exponential force, friction coefficient all increased then decreased increasing angles. peak reached their maximum values under an 60°, value 45°. Pullout suggested as a preferred index for both thick/fine inclined/upright